University of Potassium Chloride Potassium Chloride Manufacturers

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Mubychem Group, established in 1976, is the pioneer manufacturer of Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Acetate, Sodium Thiosulphate or Sodium Thiosulfate and various other chemicals in India. Mubychem Group has manufacturing facilities spread across Western India.

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Potassium Chloride Manufacturers; KCl - MOP

Synonyms: Potassium Monochloride, Cloruro de Potasio, Cloruro Potasio
The corresponding Mineral is Muriate of Potash or MOP
CAS No.: 7447-40-7; Molecular Weight: 74.5; Chemical Formula: KCl

Specification	As per IS:4150-1984 Grade 1	Our Guaranteed
Potassium chloride percent by wt.	98% (KCl) Potassium chloride	99% (KCl) Potassium chloride
Iron	20 ppm	10 ppm
Sodium Chloride	1.5%	1%
Matter insoluble in water	0.5%	0.05%
Sulphate	0.6%	0.05%
Heavy metals as Lead	Not specified	5 ppm
Hydroxides	Not specified	.01%
Calcium	0.2%	0.02%
Magnesium	0.07%	0.05%
Moisture % by Wt. Max	2.0%	1%

Particulars	IP Grade
Dry Basis Assay (KCl) Potassium chloride	99.0% Potassium chloride
Description (KCl)	White, crystalline powder, odourless.
Solubility (KCl)	Freely soluble in water; sparingly soluble in ethanol (95%).
Matter Insoluble in Water	Clear & colourless solution (10% Potassium Chloride (KCl) w/w).
Acidity or Alkalinity	Passes the Test
Barium	Passes the Test
Arsenic	1 ppm max
Iron	20 ppm max
Calcium & Magnesium	Passes the Test
Sulphate	300 ppm max
Heavy Metals	10 ppm max
Bromide	0.1%
Iodide	Passes the Test
Loss on Drying	1.0% max
Packing	In 50 Kgs. HDPE bags with double HMHDP liners or as required.

We offer Potassium Chloride IP, Potassium Chloride BP, Potassium Chloride USP or Extra Pure made at our FDA approved world class plant Anmol Chemicals an ISO-9001-2008 Certified Company using standard GMP techniques

The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) also known as MOP is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. In its pure state it is odorless. It has a white or colorless vitreous crystal, with a crystal structure that cleaves easily in three directions. Potassium chloride crystals are face-centered cubic. It is also commonly known as "Muriate of Potash" MOP. Potash varies in color from pink or red to white depending on the mining and recovery process used. White potash, sometimes referred to as soluble potash, is usually higher in analysis and is used primarily for making liquid starter fertilizers. It is used in medicine, scientific applications, food processing and in judicial execution through lethal injection. It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite.

It can react as a source of chloride ion. As with any other soluble ionic chloride, it will precipitate insoluble chloride salts when added to a solution of an appropriate metal ion:

Although potassium is more electropositive than sodium, potassium chloride (KCl) can be reduced to the metal by reaction with metallic sodium at 850C because the potassium is removed by distillation (see Le Chatelier's principle):

This method is the main method for producing metallic potassium. Electrolysis (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten potassium chloride (KCl).

As with other compounds containing potassium, potassium chloride (KCl) in powdered form gives a lilac flame test result.

KCl has a crystalline structure like many other salts. Its structure is face-centered cubic. Its lattice constant is roughly 630 picometers.

In chemistry and physics it is a very commonly used as a standard, for example as a calibration standard solution in measuring electrical conductivity of (ionic) solutions, since carefully prepared KCl solutions have well-reproducible and well-repeatable measurable properties.

Orally, KCl is toxic in excess; the LD₅₀ is around 2500 mg/kg (meaning that a lethal dose for 50% of people weighing 75 kg (165 lb) is about 190 g (6.7 ounces), or about 38 teaspoons). Table salt is about as toxic. Intravenously this is reduced to just over 100 mg/kg, but of more concern are its severe effects on the cardiac muscles; high doses can cause cardiac arrest and rapid death, ergo its aforementioned use as the third and final drug delivered in the lethal injection process.

Potassium chloride ( salt )occurs naturally as sylvite, and it can be extracted from sylvinite. It is also extracted from salt water and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, flotation or electrostatic separation from suitable minerals. It is a by-product of the making of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid.

The majority of the salt produced is used for making fertilizer, since the growth of many plants is limited by their potassium intake. As a chemical feedstock it is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and potassium metal. It is also used in medicine, scientific applications, food processing, as a sodium-free substitute for table salt (sodium chloride), and in judicial execution through lethal injection. It is sometimes used in water as a completion fluid in oil and gas operations. Also, as an alternative to sodium chloride in household water softener units. It is useful as a beta radiation source for calibration of radiation monitoring equipment because natural potassium contains 0.0118% of the isotope 40K. One kilogram of KCl yields 16350 becquerels of radiation consisting of 89.28% beta and 10.72% gamma with 1.46083 MeV. It makes up 70% of Ace Hardware's allegedly pet and vegetarian friendly "Ice Melt" though inferior in melting quality to calcium chloride (0F v. -25F). It is also used in Dasani water.

It was once used as a fire extinguishing agent, used in portable and wheeled fire extinguishers. Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals and was compatible with protein foam. This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate (Purple-K) dry chemical in the late 60s, which was much less corrosive and more effective. Rated for B and C fires.

KCl is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 µm. It was formerly often used in the infrared spectrum range, and still is from time to time. While cheap, KCl crystal is hygroscopic. This limits its application to protected environments or short term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air KCl optics will "rot". Today, much tougher crystals like ZnSe have replaced it for IR spectral range applications.

Optical data of KCl :
Transmission range: 210 nm to 20 µm
Transmittivity = 92% @ 450 nm and rises linearly to 94% @ 16 µm
Refractive Index = 1.456 @ 10 µm
Reflection Loss = 6.8% @ 10 µm (two surfaces)
dN/dT (expansion coefficient)= −33.2×10−6/C
dL/dT (refractive index gradient)= 40×10−6/C
Coefficient of absorption: 0.001 cm−1
Thermal conductivity = 0.036 W/(cm·K):
Damage threshold (Newman & Novak): 4 GW/cm2 or 2 J/cm2 (0.5 or 1 ns pulse rate)
Damage threshold (Kovalev & Faizullov)= 4.2 J/cm2 (1.7 ns pulse rate)

It has also been used to create heat packs which employ exothermic chemical reactions, but these are no longer being created due to cheaper and more efficient methods such as the oxidation of metals ('Hot Hands', one time use products) or the crystallization of sodium acetate (multiple use products).

A very bulk use of Potassium chloride is in mines and Oil Drilling mud and chemicals.

Potassium is vital in the human body and oral KCl is the common means to replenish it, although it can also be diluted and given intravenously (of course, in concentrations much lower than those used in executions). It can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, it is usually mixed with regular salt (sodium chloride), for this purpose to improve the taste (for example, in Morton Lite Salt. Medically it is used in the treatment of hypokalemia and associated conditions, for digitalis poisoning, and as an electrolyte replenisher. Brand names include K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K, and Kaon Cl. Side effects can include gastrointestinal discomfort including nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and bleeding of the digestive tract. Overdoses cause hyperkalemia which can lead to paresthesia, cardiac conduction blocks, fibrillation, arrhythmias, and sclerosis.

Dr.Jack Kevorkian's thanatron machine injected a lethal dose of potassium chloride into the patient, which caused the heart to stop functioning, after a sodium thiopental-induced coma was achieved. A similar device, the German 'Perfusor', also uses potassium chloride as a suicide aid.

The potassium ion is the principal intracellular cation of most body tissues. Potassium ions participate in a number of essential physiological processes including the maintenance of intracellular tonicity; the transmission of nerve impulses; the contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle; and the maintenance of normal renal function.

The intracellular concentration of potassium is approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter. The normal adult plasma concentration is 3.5 to 5 mEq per liter. An active ion transport system maintains this gradient across the plasma membrane.

Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and under steady-state conditions the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. The usual dietary intake of potassium is 50 to 100 mEq per day.

Potassium depletion will occur whenever the rate of potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake. Such depletion usually develops as a consequence of therapy with diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, or inadequate replacement of potassium in patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition. Depletion can develop rapidly with severe diarrhea, especially if associated with vomiting. Potassium depletion due to these causes is usually accompanied by a concomitant loss of chloride and is manifested by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Potassium depletion may produce weakness, fatigue, disturbances or cardiac rhythm (primarily ectopic beats), prominent U-waves in the electrocardiogram, and in advanced cases, flaccid paralysis and/or impaired ability to concentrate urine.

If potassium depletion associated with metabolic alkalosis cannot be managed by correcting the fundamental cause of the deficiency, eg, where the patient requires long-term diuretic therapy, supplemental potassium in the form of high-potassium food or Potassium Chloride may be able to restore normal potassium levels.

In rare circumstances (eg, patients with renal tubular acidosis) potassium depletion may be associated with metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia. In such patients potassium replacement should be accomplished with potassium salts other than the chloride, such as potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium acetate, or potassium gluconate.

BECAUSE OF REPORTS OF INTESTINAL AND GASTRIC ULCERATION AND BLEEDING WITH CONTROLLED-RELEASE Potassium Chloride PREPARATIONS, THESE DRUGS SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR THOSE PATIENTS WHO CANNOT TOLERATE OR REFUSE TO TAKE LIQUID OR EFFERVESCENT POTASSIUM PREPARATIONS OR FOR PATIENTS IN WHOM THERE IS A PROBLEM OF COMPLIANCE WITH THESE PREPARATIONS.

The use of KCl salts in patients receiving diuretics for uncomplicated essential hypertension is often unnecessary when such patients have a normal dietary pattern and when low doses of the diuretic are used. Serum potassium should be checked periodically, however, and if hypokalemia occurs, dietary supplementation with potassium-containing foods may be adequate to control milder cases. In more severe cases, and if dose adjustment of the diuretic is ineffective or unwarranted, supplementation with potassium salts may be indicated.

Potassium supplements are contraindicated in patients with hyperkalemia since a further increase in serum potassium concentration in such patients can produce cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia may complicate any of the following conditions: chronic renal failure, systemic acidosis, such as diabetic acidosis, acute dehydration, extensive tissue breakdown as in severe burns, adrenal insufficiency, or the administration of a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride).

Controlled-release formulations of Potassium Chloride have produced esophageal ulceration in certain cardiac patients with esophageal compression due to enlarged left atrium. Potassium supplementation, when indicated in such patients, should be given as a liquid preparation or as an aqueous suspension of KCl.

All solid oral dosage forms of KCl are contraindicated in any patient in whom there is structural, pathological (eg, diabetic gastroparesis), or pharmacologic (use of anticholinergic agents or other agents with anticholinergic properties at sufficient doses to exert anticholinergic effects) cause for arrest or delay in tablet passage through the gastrointestinal tract.

In patients with impaired mechanisms for excreting potassium, the administration of the salts can produce hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. This occurs most commonly in patients given potassium by the intravenous route but may also occur in patients given potassium orally. Potentially fatal hyperkalemia can develop rapidly and be asymptomatic. The use of Potassium chloride (KCl) salts in patients with chronic renal disease, or any other condition which impairs potassium excretion, requires particularly careful monitoring of the serum potassium concentration and appropriate dosage adjustment.

Hypokalemia should not be treated by the concomitant administration of Potassium chloride (KCl) salts and a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride) since the simultaneous administration of these agents can produce severe hyperkalemia.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, captopril, enalapril) will produce some potassium retention by inhibiting aldosterone production. Potassium supplements should be given to patients receiving ACE inhibitors only with close monitoring.

Solid oral dosage forms of Potassium Chloride can produce ulcerative and/or stenotic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on spontaneous adverse reaction reports, enteric-coated preparations of Potassium Chloride are associated with an increased frequency of small bowel lesions (40–50 per 100,000 patient years) compared to sustained release wax matrix formulations (less than one per 100,000 patient years). Because of the lack of extensive marketing experience with microencapsulated products, a comparison between such products and wax matrix or enteric-coated products is not available. Potassium Chloride is a tablet formulated to provide a controlled rate of release of microencapsulated Potassium Chloride and thus to minimize the possibility of a high local concentration of potassium near the gastrointestinal wall.

Prospective trials have been conducted in normal human volunteers in which the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by endoscopic inspection before and after 1 week of solid oral Potassium Chloride therapy. The ability of this model to predict events occurring in usual clinical practice is unknown. Trials which approximated usual clinical practice did not reveal any clear differences between the wax matrix and microencapsulated dosage forms. In contrast, there was a higher incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions in subjects receiving a high dose of a wax matrix controlled-release formulation under conditions which did not resemble usual or recommended clinical practice (i.e., 96 mEq per day in divided doses of Potassium Chloride administered to fasted patients, in the presence of an anticholinergic drug to delay gastric emptying). The upper gastrointestinal lesions observed by endoscopy were asymptomatic and were not accompanied by evidence of bleeding (Hemoccult testing). The relevance of these findings to the usual conditions (i.e., non-fasting, no anticholinergic agent, smaller doses) under which controlled-release Potassium Chloride products are used is uncertain; epidemiologic studies have not identified an elevated risk, compared to micro-encapsulated products, for upper gastrointestinal lesions in patients receiving wax matrix formulations. Potassium Chloride Extended Release Tablets should be discontinued immediately and the possibility of ulceration, obstruction, or perforation should be considered if severe vomiting, abdominal pain, distention, or gastrointestinal bleeding occurs.

Hypokalemia in patients with metabolic acidosis should be treated with an alkalinizing potassium salt such as potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium acetate, or potassium gluconate.

The diagnosis of potassium depletion is ordinarily made by demonstrating hypokalemia in a patient with a clinical history suggesting some cause for potassium depletion. In interpreting the serum potassium level, the physician should bear in mind that acute alkalosis per se can produce hypokalemia in the absence of a deficit in total body potassium while acute acidosis per se can increase the serum potassium concentration into the normal range even in the presence of a reduced total body potassium. The treatment of potassium depletion, particularly in the presence of cardiac disease, renal disease, or acidosis requires careful attention to acid-base balance and appropriate monitoring of serum electrolytes, the electrocardiogram, and the clinical status of the patient.

To take each dose without crushing, chewing, or sucking the tablets. If those patients are having difficulty swallowing whole tablets, they may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:

Aqueous suspension of Potassium Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Potassium Chloride Tablets is not recommended.

To take this medicine following the frequency and amount prescribed by the physician. This is especially important if the patient is also taking diuretics and/or digitalis preparations.

To check with the physician at once if tarry stools or other evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding is noticed.

When blood is drawn for analysis of plasma potassium it is important to recognize that artifactual elevations can occur after improper venipuncture technique or as a result of in vitro hemolysis of the sample.

Potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (see WARNINGS).

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies in animals have not been performed. Potassium is a normal dietary constituent.

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Potassium Chloride. It is unlikely that potassium supplementation that does not lead to hyperkalemia would have an adverse effect on the fetus or would affect reproductive capacity.

The normal potassium ion content of human milk is about 13 mEq per liter. Since oral potassium becomes part of the body potassium pool, so long as body potassium is not excessive, the contribution of Potassium Chloride supplementation should have little or no effect on the level in human milk.

Clinical studies of Potassium Chloride did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection; and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

One of the most severe adverse effects is hyperkalemia (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS, and OVERDOSAGE). There have also been reports of upper and lower gastrointestinal conditions including obstruction, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS). The most common adverse reactions to oral potassium salts are nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain/discomfort, and diarrhea. These symptoms are due to irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and are best managed by diluting the preparation further, taking the dose with meals or reducing the amount taken at one time.

The administration of oral potassium salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for potassium rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired or if potassium is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS). It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum potassium concentration (6.5–8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peaking of T-waves, loss of P-waves, depression of S-T segment, and prolongation of the QT-interval). Late manifestations include muscle paralysis and cardiovascular collapse from cardiac arrest (9–12 mEq/L).

In treating hyperkalemia, it should be recalled that in patients who have been stabilized on digitalis, too rapid a lowering of the serum potassium concentration can produce digitalis toxicity.

The extended release feature means that absorption and toxic effects may be delayed for hours. Consider standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug.

The usual dietary intake of potassium by the average adult is 50 to 100 mEq per day. Potassium depletion sufficient to cause hypokalemia usually requires the loss of 200 or more mEq of potassium from the total body store.

Dosage must be adjusted to the individual needs of each patient. The dose for the prevention of hypokalemia is typically in the range of 20 mEq per day. Doses of 40–100 mEq per day or more are used for the treatment of potassium depletion. Dosage should be divided if more than 20 mEq per day is given such that no more than 20 mEq is given in a single dose.

Each Potassium Chloride Extended Release Tablet, USP 20 mEq provides 20 mEq of Potassium Chloride.

Each Potassium Chloride Extended Release Tablet, USP 10 mEq provides 10 mEq of Potassium Chloride.

Potassium Chloride Tablets should be taken with meals and with a glass of water or other liquid. This product should not be taken on an empty stomach because of its potential for gastric irritation (see WARNINGS).

Patients having difficulty swallowing whole tablets may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:

Aqueous suspension of Potassium Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Potassium Chloride Tablets is not recommended.

Potassium Chloride BP
Potassium Chloride USP
Potassium Chloride manufacturers at::

MUBY CHEMICALS
S-8, SARIFA MANSION, 2ND FLANK ROAD, CHINCHBUNDER, MUMBAI 400009, INDIA
TEL: (OFFICE) 91-22-23770100, 23726950, 23774610, 23723564. FAX: 91-22-23728264

Cell Call to Anmol: +91-9821870100
USA & Canadian Customers may Call 773-829-5811

Exports to USA UAE Europe Africa Tanzania Kenya Egypt Turkey Brazil Chile Argentina Dubai etc.

Specification	Technical
Potassium chloride KCl Dry Basis Assay (DBA)	98% min KCl Potassium chloride
K2O	60%
Iron	100 ppm
Matter insoluble in water	0.1% max
Moisture % by Wt. Max	1%

Solubility of KCl in various solvents (g KCl / 100 g of solvent at 25C)
H2O	36
Liquid ammonia	0.04
Liquid sulfur dioxide	0.041
Methanol	0.53
Formic acid	19.2
Sulfolane	0.004
Acetonitrile	0.0024
Acetone	0.000091
Formamide	6.2
Acetamide	2.45
Dimethylformamide	0.017–0.05
Reference: Burgess, J. Metal Ions in Solution (Ellis Horwood, New York, 1978)

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Potassium Chloride Manufacturers; KCl - MOP

Potassium Chloride BP Potassium Chloride USP Potassium Chloride manufacturers at::

Potassium Chloride BP
Potassium Chloride USP
Potassium Chloride manufacturers at::